Showing posts with label Perú. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Perú. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 21, 2011

El Directorio Ejecutivo del FMI Concluye la Consulta del Artículo IV con Perú correspondiente a 2011

FMI.Nota de Información al Público No.11/158. 14 diciembre de 2011. El 5 de diciembre de 2011, el Directorio Ejecutivo del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) concluyó la consulta del Artículo IV con Perú1, y consideró y aprobó la evaluación preparada por el personal técnico sin celebrar una reunión, es decir, de manera tácita por vencimiento del plazo. La economía peruana superó la crisis mundial de 2008–09 sin sufrir mayores daños gracias a los sólidos fundamentos económicos y a una respuesta previsora en materia de política macroeconómica. El PIB real, impulsado por la demanda interna privada, creció a un ritmo rápido de 8.75% en 2010, uno de los más dinámicos de la región. La recuperación estuvo apoyada por el importante estímulo proporcionado por la política macroeconómica, el rápido giro de los términos de intercambio y las condiciones de financiamiento externo favorables, incluida una reactivación de la entrada de capitales. Tras caer a 0.25% en 2009, la inflación repuntó a 2% a finales de 2010 al recuperarse la demanda, es decir, se ubicó en el centro de la banda de 1%–3% fijada como meta. Un nuevo gobierno, dirigido por el Presidente Humala, asumió el poder en julio de 2011, con la promesa de ampliar la inclusión social y dar continuidad a la estabilidad macroeconómica.

Se prevé que la actividad se desacelerará como consecuencia de políticas más restrictivas y una moderación de la demanda externa. Según las previsiones, el crecimiento del PIB será de 6.75% en 2011, debido sobre todo al impulso del consumo privado. Se proyecta que la inflación se situará en 3.75% al final de 2011, debido principalmente a shocks de la oferta pero también a ciertas presiones de la demanda. El crecimiento del crédito se ha mantenido en aproximadamente 20% en 2010–11. El sector financiero sigue siendo sólido, rentable y está bien capitalizado, y está asistido por el uso activo de instrumentos prudenciales por parte de las autoridades.

Las perspectivas apuntan a un crecimiento continuo pero más bajo, con riesgos a corto plazo que están claramente inclinados a la baja dada la incertidumbre mundial. Se proyecta que el PIB real crecerá 5.25% en 2012, o levemente por debajo de la tendencia (que se estima es de 6%), debido ante todo a un debilitamiento de las condiciones de la demanda externa, mientras que la inflación descenderá a 2.5%. Las expectativas de inflación para 2012 permanecen bien ancladas en virtud del sólido régimen de metas de inflación. El déficit de la cuenta corriente externa permanecerá estable en alrededor de 2.5% del PIB el próximo año, conforme sigan siendo firmes los términos de intercambio. Una vez que amaine la turbulencia internacional, las sólidas perspectivas de crecimiento de Perú y la abundante liquidez internacional podrían incrementar la entrada de capitales.

En lo que se refiere a las políticas macroeconómicas, estas se han centrado en limitar los riesgos de sobrecalentamiento. En 2011 el gobierno empezó a retirar el estímulo fiscal previo. En el primer semestre de 2011 el saldo fiscal arrojó un superávit anualizado de alrededor de 5.5% del PIB, ya que los ingresos fiscales conservaron su dinamismo pese a los recortes de impuestos y los gastos se contuvieron debido a la escasa ejecución de proyectos de inversión a nivel subnacional y a las elecciones presidenciales. Se ha aplicado una política monetaria más restrictiva a medida que se ha recuperado la demanda, y la tasa de política monetaria aumentó un total de 300 puntos básicos, a 4.25%, entre mediados de 2010 y mayo de 2011. Para complementar esta medida se elevó activamente el encaje legal. Desde entonces, el banco central ha permanecido en compás de espera en vista de la incertidumbre de las perspectivas económicas mundiales.

Evaluación del Directorio Ejecutivo

Al concluir la Consulta del Artículo IV con Perú correspondiente a 2011, los directores ejecutivos avalaron la evaluación del personal técnico en los siguientes términos:

La combinación de políticas parece ser en general adecuada para preservar la estabilidad macroeconómica y fomentar el crecimiento. El desafío básico consiste en garantizar una aplicación oportuna y flexible de las políticas para hacer frente a las cambiantes condiciones económicas internas en medio de un entorno externo de mayor incertidumbre.

El presupuesto para 2012 parece apropiado. Los esfuerzos para reactivar el gasto público en el segundo semestre de 2011 son adecuados, dado que la orientación fiscal estaba tornándose algo restrictiva. Sin embargo, en 2011 se registrará un superávit mayor que el previsto. El presupuesto para 2012, que apunta a un superávit de 1% of PIB y comprende una expansión estructural de 0.75% del PIB, es en general adecuado ya que se prevé una moderación de la actividad. Puede darse cabida a un gasto social adicional a corto plazo dentro de los límites fijados por el presupuesto de 2012.

En vista de las inciertas condiciones externas, la política monetaria puede permanecer en compás de espera. Teniendo en cuenta la disminución prevista de las presiones inflacionarias (a medida que se absorba el impacto de los mayores precios del petróleo y los alimentos) y la previa aplicación de políticas monetarias restrictivas, el personal técnico apoya la decisión del banco central de mantener las tasas de política monetaria invariables, al menos hasta que las perspectivas mundiales se aclaren. Las autoridades deben seguir vigilando la evolución del crédito privado y cerciorarse de que los riesgos permanezcan contenidos.

En este contexto de mayores riesgos para las perspectivas mundiales, las políticas deben conservar su flexibilidad. Los sólidos fundamentos económicos de Perú y el margen de respuesta de las políticas probablemente mitigarán los efectos de una economía mundial débil. Como primera línea de defensa, y en consonancia con el funcionamiento de un régimen de metas de inflación, la política monetaria podría distenderse conforme disminuyan las perspectivas de inflación y aumente la brecha del producto, mientras los estabilizadores automáticos se activan en virtud de la política fiscal. Ante la potencial volatilidad financiera mundial, estaría justificado apoyar en cierta medida el tipo de cambio. El encaje legal podría relajarse si las condiciones de liquidez se vieran sometidas a tensión o si el crédito interno se desacelerara demasiado rápido.

Si se materializaran riesgos extremos en la coyuntura mundial, podría desplegarse un nuevo estímulo de política económica para limitar las secuelas. La acumulación de reservas en los últimos años hace pensar que existe margen suficiente para poner en marcha una considerable respuesta mediante políticas. No obstante, dada la incertidumbre sobre la naturaleza y duración del shock externo, se recomienda un uso gradual de dichas reservas. El banco central tiene la capacidad para inyectar abundante liquidez y reducir las tasas más enérgicamente si las condiciones financieras externas se deterioraran (aunque las presiones potenciales en el mercado de divisas podrían convertirse en una restricción). Al igual que con el estímulo fiscal de 2009, los proyectos de infraestructura y mantenimiento podrían ser eficaces para ayudar a sustentar la demanda interna y el empleo. En este escenario, las medidas de respuesta solo ayudarían a mitigar el shock, y la actividad económica probablemente se situaría por debajo de su nivel potencial a corto plazo. Por lo tanto, será importante definir y comunicar claramente la estrategia y los objetivos de las autoridades, y garantizar la continuidad del marco de políticas.

Al dar mayor preponderancia a las medidas estructurales para anclar la política fiscal se ayudaría a afianzar la estabilidad macroeconómica. Esta estrategia contribuye a reducir el carácter procíclico de los riesgos, mejora la previsibilidad y permite acumular reservas fiscales. El personal técnico considera conveniente fijar como meta saldos estructurales globales moderados de 1% del PIB a mediano plazo para hacer frente al entorno mundial volátil, a los pasivos contingentes y a la vulnerabilidad de Perú a las catástrofes naturales. A corto plazo, los actuales parámetros de la Ley de Responsabilidad y Transparencia Fiscal podrían calibrarse para mantener un resultado fiscal relativamente estable, con límites sobre el crecimiento del gasto, salvo que sea necesaria una respuesta fiscal discrecional.

Los esfuerzos de recaudación serán cruciales para la sostenibilidad del programa social. El personal técnico elogia los planes de las autoridades de reforzar la administración de impuestos para elevar la presión tributaria a 18% del PIB en 2016, con el fin de proporcionar recursos adicionales para cubrir el costo de la ampliación de los programas sociales y la inversión pública a mediano plazo. La aprobación del marco tributario revisado para la actividad minera, teniendo debidamente en cuenta la competitividad del sector, es un primer paso positivo. El personal técnico asimismo aplaude los esfuerzos de las autoridades para reducir la evasión fiscal, pero advierte que si estos esfuerzos no arrojan los resultados esperados, cabría considerar medidas tributarias.

En el futuro, los fundamentos económicos más sólidos de Perú promoverán una mayor desdolarización, y eso permitirá que el tipo de cambio adquiera más importancia como mecanismo de absorción de shocks. El personal técnico opina que una mayor flexibilización del tipo de cambio, aplicada gradualmente, es importante para que el sector privado mejore su capacidad para evaluar el riesgo cambiario, y que tal medida podría contribuir a la desdolarización. La dolarización financiera sigue siendo elevada e incluso ha aumentado en ciertos segmentos debido al bajo nivel de las tasas de interés internacionales y las expectativas de apreciación. Un aumento gradual de la flexibilidad del tipo de cambio promovería el desarrollo de instrumentos de cobertura de riesgos y la concientización del sector privado con respecto a la gestión del riesgo cambiario, lo cual permitiría que el tipo de cambio desempeñe un papel más importante como mecanismo de absorción de shocks.

El sector financiero es sólido, y el marco prudencial está adelantado en lo que se refiere a la implementación de las normas internacionales propuestas. El sector financiero sigue siendo sólido, rentable y está bien capitalizado. La mayoría de las regulaciones prudenciales conforme a Basilea III se aplicarán antes de las fechas acordadas a escala internacional, y los bancos están en condiciones de implementar dichas regulaciones. El monitoreo de los balances de las empresas, incluidas las posiciones en moneda extranjera e instrumentos derivados, será crucial para evaluar las vulnerabilidades. La formalización de un mecanismo institucional para las políticas macroprudenciales facilitaría una supervisión más eficaz de los riesgos sistémicos, y mejoraría los análisis y la coordinación entre las distintas instituciones.

Las excelentes perspectivas económicas de Perú se verán fortalecidas por un programa de reformas de gran alcance para mantener el crecimiento potencial. El personal técnico coincide en que el crecimiento deberá estar impulsado cada vez más por una mayor productividad a mediano plazo. Los pilares clave para garantizar un crecimiento vigoroso son: i) afianzar la competitividad fomentando el capital humano y la infraestructura y manteniendo la flexibilidad del mercado laboral; ii) mejorar el clima de negocios para promover la inversión y la innovación (por ejemplo, promoviendo la formalización de la actividad económica); e iii) seguir desarrollando los mercados de capitales locales para facilitar la inversión y mejorar la distribución del ahorro.


For more information about Projects in Perú see Anden America Projects
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Tuesday, December 20, 2011

Peru IMF Executive Board Concludes 2011 Article IV Consultation

Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 11/158.December 14, 2011. On December 05, 2011, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Peru, and considered and endorsed the staff appraisal without a meeting on a lapse-of-time basis.The Peruvian economy emerged largely unscathed from the 2008–09 global crisis supported by strong fundamentals and proactive macroeconomic response. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expanded rapidly at 8.75 percent in 2010, one of the highest in the region, driven by private domestic demand. The recovery was propped by significant macroeconomic policy stimuli, a quick turnaround of terms of trade and favorable external financial conditions, with renewed capital inflows. Inflation, after falling to 0.25 percent in 2009, rebounded to 2 percent by end-2010 as demand picked up, the center of the target band of 1–3 percent. A new government, led by President Ollanta Humala, took office in July 2011, promising more social inclusion and continued macroeconomic stability.

Activity is expected to decelerate on the heels of tighter policies and a weaker external demand. Real GDP growth is expected to reach 6.75 percent in 2011, driven mainly by private consumption. Inflation is projected at 3.75 percent at end-2011, due mostly to supply shocks but also some demand pressures. Credit growth has stayed at about 20 percent in 2010–11.The financial sector remains sound, profitable and well-capitalized, assisted by the authorities’ active use of prudential instruments.

The outlook is for continued albeit lower growth with short-term risks titled markedly to the downside given global uncertainty. Real GDP growth is projected at 5.25 percent in 2012, slightly below trend (estimated at 6 percent), mostly due to softer external demand conditions, while inflation would decline to 2.5 percent. Inflation expectations for 2012 remain well-anchored on account of the strong inflation targeting framework. The external current account deficit would remain stable at around 2.5 percent of GDP next year as the strong terms of trade continue. Once international turbulence subsides, strong growth prospects in Peru and abundant international liquidity could increase capital inflows.

On the policy front, macroeconomic policies have focused on limiting overheating risks. The government began unwinding the previous fiscal stimulus in 2011. The fiscal position switched to an annualized fiscal surplus of about 5.5 percent of GDP in the first half of 2011 as revenues remained buoyant despite tax cuts, and expenditures were restrained due to low implementation of investment projects at the sub-national level and the presidential elections. Monetary policy has been tightened as demand recovered, with the policy rate increasing a total of 300 basis points to 4.25 percent between mid-2010 and May 2011. This was complemented with active hikes in reserve requirements. Since then, the central bank has remained on hold in light of the uncertain global economic outlook.

Executive Board Assessment

In concluding the 2011 Article IV consultation with Peru, Executive Directors endorsed staff’s appraisal, as follows:

The policy mix seems broadly adequate to maintain macro stability and foster growth. The main challenge is to ensure a timely and flexible implementation of policies to confront changing domestic economic conditions in an external environment of heightened uncertainty.

The 2012 budget proposal seems appropriate. Efforts to reinvigorate public spending in the second half of 2011 are welcome as the fiscal stance was becoming somewhat tight. Still, there will be a higher-than-expected surplus for 2011. The proposed 2012 budget, which aims at a surplus of 1 percent of GDP and entails a structural expansion of 0.75 percent of GDP, is broadly adequate as activity is expected to be softer. Additional short-term social spending can be accommodated within the expenditure limits established by the 2012 budget.

Given the uncertain external environment, monetary policy can remain on hold. In view of the expected fall in inflationary pressures (as the impact of higher oil and food prices is absorbed) and the previous tightening in monetary policy, staff supports the central bank decision to keep policy rates unchanged, at least until a clearer picture on the global outlook emerges. The authorities should continue monitoring private credit developments and ensuring risks remain contained.

Against a background of heightened risks to the global outlook, policies should remain flexible. Peru’s solid fundamentals and scope for policy response are likely to mitigate the effects of a weak world economy. As a first line of defense, and consistent with the functioning of an inflation targeting regime, monetary policy could be eased as inflation prospects decline and the output gap widens, while fiscal policy activates automatic stabilizers. Against the background of potential global financial volatility, some foreign exchange support would be warranted. Reserve requirements may be loosen if liquidity conditions become stressed or if domestic credit decelerates too rapidly.

Should tail risks in global conditions materialize, additional policy stimulus could be deployed to limit the fallout. The buildup of buffers in the last few years suggests there is space to implement a sizable policy response. Yet, the uncertainty about the nature and duration of the external shock makes advisable a gradual use of these buffers. The central bank has the capacity to inject considerable liquidity and cut rates more aggressively if external financial conditions deteriorate (although potential pressures in the foreign exchange market could become a constraint). As with the fiscal stimulus implemented in 2009, infrastructure and maintenance projects can prove effective to help sustain domestic demand and employment. Under this scenario, the policy response would only help mitigate the shock, with economic activity likely being below potential in the short term. Therefore, it will be important to design and communicate clearly the authorities’ strategy and objectives, and ensure continuity in the policy framework.

Giving more weight to structural measures to anchor fiscal policy would help cementing macroeconomic stability. This approach helps reducing procyclicality risks, enhances predictability, and accumulates fiscal buffers. Staff sees merits of targeting moderate structural overall balances of 1 percent of GDP in the medium-term to cope with the volatile global environment, contingent liabilities, and Peru’s vulnerability to natural disasters. In the short-term, current Fiscal Responsibility and Transparency Law parameters could be calibrated to maintain a relatively stable structural result, with limits to expenditure growth, unless a discretionary fiscal reaction is called for.

Tax mobilization efforts will be key to the sustainability of the social agenda. Staff welcomes the authorities’ plans to strengthen tax administration to increase the tax ratio to 18 percent of GDP by 2016 to provide additional resources to cover increasing social programs and public investments in the medium-term. The approval of the revised mining taxation framework, with due consideration for competitiveness in the sector, is a welcome first step. Staff also welcomes the authorities’ efforts to reduce tax evasion, but warns that in the event these efforts did not yield the expected results, tax measures could be considered.

Going forward, Peru’s improved fundamentals will foster further de-dollarization, allowing the exchange rate to play a larger role as shock absorber. Staff believes that some additional exchange rate flexibility, gradually implemented, is important for the private sector to strengthen its ability to assess foreign exchange risk, and may contribute to de-dollarize. Financial dollarization remains high and has actually increased in some segments given low international interest rates and appreciation expectations. A gradual increase in exchange rate flexibility would foster the development of hedging instruments and private sector awareness about managing currency risk, thereby allowing the exchange rate to play a larger role as a shock absorber.

The financial sector is strong, and the prudential framework is ahead in the implementation of proposed international standards. Peru’s financial sector remains sound, profitable and well-capitalized. Most prudential regulations aligned with Basel III will be applied ahead of the internationally-agreed schedule, with banks well positioned to implement them. Monitoring corporate balance sheets, including foreign exchange and derivative positions, will be critical to assess vulnerabilities. Formalizing an institutional setup for macro-prudential policies would facilitate monitoring systemic risks more effectively, and enhance analysis and coordination across institutions.

Peru’s bright economic prospects will benefit from an ambitious reform agenda to maintain high potential growth. Staff concurs with the view that growth will need to be increasingly driven by higher productivity over the medium term. Key pillars to ensure high growth include: (i) enhancing competitiveness by boosting human capital and infrastructure and maintaining labor market flexibility; (ii) improving the business climate to foster investment and innovation (including enhancing formality); and (iii) further developing the local capital markets to facilitate investment and better allocate savings.

Public Information Notices (PINs) form part of the IMF's efforts to promote transparency of the IMF's views and analysis of economic developments and policies. With the consent of the country (or countries) concerned, PINs are issued after Executive Board discussions of Article IV consultations with member countries, of its surveillance of developments at the regional level, of post-program monitoring, and of ex post assessments of member countries with longer-term program engagements. PINs are also issued after Executive Board discussions of general policy matters, unless otherwise decided by the Executive Board in a particular case.


For more information about Projects in Perú see Andean America Projects x

Monday, December 19, 2011

The power of primary schools to change and sustain handwashing with soap among children:the cases of Vietnam and Peru

Vietnam and Peru are two of four countries taking part in the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) Global Scaling up Handwashing Project. Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global Scaling Up Handwashing Project aims to expand handwashing practices among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and primary school-aged children (5 to 12 in Peru; 6 to 10 in Vietnam)

The project focuses on applying innovative promotional approaches to generate widespread and sustained improvement in handwashing with soap practice. Started in December 2006, the project is implemented by local and national governments with technical support from WSP, and participation from the private sector and nongovernmental organizations. The present document describes the approaches to changing children's handwashing with soap behavior, first in Vietnam, then Peru, followed by some lessons learned and conclusions.

Author: Dutton, Pennelope ; Peschiera, Rocio Florez ; Nguyen, Nga Kim. Document Date: 2011/09/01.Document Type: UNDP-Water & Sanitation Program. Report.Number:66001.Volume No: 1 of 1

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Tuesday, December 13, 2011

Peru Project Implementing Agency Instituto Nacional de Estadística

Approval Date 17-NOV-2011.Closing Date N/A Total Project Cost** .24.Region Latin America And Caribbean.Major Sector (Sector) (%) Public Administration, Law, and Justice (General public administration sector) (100%).Themes (%) Other public sector governance (100%).Environmental Category C.Bank Team Lead Vakis, Renos. Borrower/Recipient INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA E INFO.Implementing Agency INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA E INFORMACION (INEI)

World Bank.Author:Ramirez Cortes,Fernando.Document Date:2011/12/05.Document Type:Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number:ISR4203


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Peru Catastrophe Development Policy Loan DDO

Project Name: Catastrophe Development Policy Loan DDO (P120860) Program Stage: Implementation Seq.No: 2 Status: ARCHIVED Archive Date: Country: Peru Approval FY: 2011.Product Line:IBRD/IDA Region: LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN Lending Instrument: Development Policy Lending Implementing Agency(ies):Key Dates.Board Approval Date 09-Dec-2010 Original Closing Date 09-Dec-2013 Planned Mid Term Review Date Last Archived ISR Date 21-Feb-2011 Effectiveness Date 20-Jan-2011 Revised Closing Date 09-Dec-2013

World Bank.Author:Ramirez Cortes,Fernando.Document Date:2011/12/05.Document Type:Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number:ISR4203


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Peru will improve early childhood education with IDB support

IDB.News Releases.Dec 9, 2011. Loan for $25 million will improve the quality of education for children aged 3-5 years in Ayacucho, Huancavelica and Huánuco departments

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved a loan to Peru for $25 million for an early education project that will foster safe schools, improve teaching methods, and support the participation of parents in the educational development of children 3 to 5 years of age in the departments of Ayacucho, Huancavelica and Huánuco.

This initiative, which will form the basis for a strategy at the national level, represents a first step in implementing a comprehensive and improved intervention model that builds on research conducted in these three departments in recent years, as well as lessons learned from prior experience.

A major focus of the program is teacher training and support, which are critical for improving the learning process. Investment in early childhood education is a critical element in school performance and in the ability of children to achieve success throughout their lives.

The project will be carried out in these three departments because they have high poverty levels as well as high rates of grade repetition among school children. The program will include equipping, rehabilitating, or replacing 190 education centers and providing maintenance plans for an additional 296 centers.

The program will also include training teachers in improving communication skills and instructional methods, use of teaching materials, multiculturalism and bilingualism, and the promotion of parent involvement in education of their children.

"Quality programs can mitigate the cognitive deficits and behavioral problems that are often exhibited by students from disadvantaged homes,” said Jenelle Thompson, IDB education specialist and project team leader.

The IDB financing will be supplemented by $25.7 million in local counterpart funds from the Peruvian government, a grant for $5.5 million from the German international cooperation agency KfW, and a loan from the same agency for $8.3 million.

The IDB loan is for a 25-year term with a 5.5-year grace period and a variable interest rate based on LIBOR.
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Tuesday, December 6, 2011

Peru.Catastrophe Development Policy Loan

Budget allocation for the PPE-RVAE.Financial protection against disaster.Water and Sanitation standard technical. Guidelines. Reconstruction public investments.Completion of studies of Structural vulnerability. Of MINSA hospitals that qualify to retrofitting.MINSA hospitals evaluated with the Hospital
Safety Index.

World Bank.Author: Ramirez Cortes,Fernando ; .Document Date:2011/12/05.Document Type:Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number:ISR4203

Peru - Catastrophe Development Policy Loan DDO : P120860 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 02,

Peru.Sierra Irrigation Subsector

The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to contribute to increasing agricultural production and productivity in targeted areas of the Sierra.

World Bank.Author: Lajaunie,Marie-Laure.Document Date:2011/12/03.Document Type:Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number:ISR3586

Peru - Sierra Irrigation Subsector : P104760 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 0.

Friday, November 25, 2011

Perú.Cajamarquilla,Nievería y Cerro Camote.Expansion of water and sanitation

The project consists of 3 components: 1) Water supply system; 2) Sewerage systems; and 3) Wastewater treatment system.

PE-L1060. Cajamarquilla, Nievería y Cerro Camote - Expansion of water and sanitationa

Tuesday, November 22, 2011

Peru. Institutional Capacity for Sustainable Fiscal Decentralization Technical Assistance

Ratings for the Institutional Capacity for Sustainable Fiscal Decentralization Technical Assistance Project for Peru were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, the risk to development outcome was moderate, the Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also moderately satisfactory.

Some lessons learned included: guaranteeing country's ownership of a realistic results framework could facilitate its use as management tool. This project highlights the trade-off between having clarity of purpose and allowing sufficient flexibility to cope with rapidly changing circumstances. Being realistic about the time required to implement technical assistance-related projects might render better results.

Validating the assessment of risks throughout the life of the project might facilitate implementation. Implementing a project with multiple sub-executing units might impose additional challenges to outcome delivery. Addressing actual managerial and technical capacities in Peru remains critical for a successful decentralization.

Document Date:2011/03/21.Document Type:Implementation Completion and Results.Report Number:ICR1841.Volume No: 1 of 1 
Peru. Institutional Capacity for Sustainable Fiscal Decentralization Technical Assistance

Saturday, November 19, 2011

Latin America.Anchor SMEs promoting production development in the BOP

El objetivo de este proyecto es fomentar la competitividad de los pequeños productores de la base de la pirámide a través del fortalecimiento de las cadenas productivas de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYME) anclas en los sectores agrícolas, agroindustrial, manufactura y turismo de Bolivia, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, República Dominicana, Perú, Paraguay, El Salvador y Colombia.
 
A través de este proyecto se espera generar un efecto de demostración positivo en el acceso al financiamiento a largo plazo, el cual potencia el rol del sector de las PYME en las economías regionales como motor de generación de empleo formal, ingreso y aumento en la productividad de pequeños productores que pertenecen a la base de la pirámide y que hacen parte de sus cadenas de suministro y de producción.
 
 

Friday, November 18, 2011

Perú.Support for the Climate Change Agenda II

This operation constitutes the second phase of the Programmatic Policy Based Loan to Support Peru's Climate Change Agenda. During the second stage, the compliance of the conditions set for the first phase will be verified. Also, lines of action aimed at completing the triggers for the third operation will be set and executed.

Monday, November 14, 2011

Addressing the Implementation of Prefential Trade Agreements.The Law and Pratice of the European Union-MJS

Like most industrialized countries, the European Union (EU) has concluded trade agreements with selected countries with a view to liberalize trade among those countries. In most cases, the objectives of these agreements are rather ambitious. Objectives may be the establishment of an all-inclusive custom union, such as the one with Turkey, or a full association that facilitates accession to the European Union, such as the one with the Balkan countries.

Other objectives include the establishment of a comprehensive economic partnership with developing countries in order to foster their sustainable economic development, such as the case of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) Group of States. In Latin America association and partnership agreements have been concluded with Mexico and Chile.

A Free Trade Agreement was recently concluded with Colombia and Peru. Negotiations for an Association Agreement were concluded with Central American countries4 and were revived with the Mercosur countries during the last EU-Latin America Summit in Madrid in May 2010.Trade agreements imply preferential trade treatment among the parties. As such, they must in principle meet the conditions of Articles XXIV of GATT and V of GATS. This means that an agreement must provide for reciprocal trade benefits for substantially all trade in goods between the parties, and it must have substantial sectoral coverage in relation to services. It can apply to selected countries as opposed to others. Trade preferences are also possible under the Enabling Clause. While in this case reciprocal trade benefits are not required, the preferences must be granted to developing countries only, and no discretionary selection of them is possible otherwise than through objective criteria.

It is the policy of the EU to only negotiate reciprocal trade agreements that match the requirements of Articles XXIV of GATT and V of GATS. Under the Enabling Clause, the EU only maintains a unilateral scheme of generalized tariff preferences.8 The time when the EU would conclude trade agreements with chosen countries, thereby granting them unilateral trade preferences, is over since this would clearly violate the GATT, the GATS, and the Enabling Clause.

For instance, the trade chapter of the Cotonou Agreement, which reserved important unilateral preferences to the ACP states, was authorized until it was covered by a special WTO waiver.However, the latter expired on 1 January 2008. Therefore the Cotonou trade preferences had to be reciprocated to the EU for ―substantially all trade‖ in order to be maintained. The expected expiration of the waiver entailed the 2002 launch of a new round of negotiations with the ACP states in order to determine the pace of their own trade liberalization towards the EU. The process is laborious and is still ongoing. The only comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) that has been concluded is that with the CARICOM countries and the Dominican Republic (the EU-CARIFORUM EPA).11 For the rest, the EU has concluded interim economic partnership agreements (Interim EPAs) with certain individual ACP states, while pursuing negotiations for comprehensive EPAs at sub-regional levels.

The EU’s reciprocal trade agreements generally encompass two aspects, in addition to a commitment to institutionalize and intensify political dialogue. The first aspect concerns the trade arrangements between the parties and tends to be very mercantilist in nature. The purpose of the agreement is to maintain the negotiated balance of tariff rights and concessions between the parties and the services commitments, when they exist. The second aspect concerns the provisions that are meant to proactively contribute to the economic development of the EU’s partners and in certain cases, facilitate their accession to the EU. These provisions relate to the EU’s neighborhood or development policy towards non-EU countries. In this context, the trade preferences constitute merely one part of a larger political objective, and care must be taken to ensure that the agreements themselves do not undermine that objective.

For instance, the stated objective of the Stabilisation and Association Agreements with the Balkan countries are to (1)―ensure peace and stability in the region by providing support for the strengthening of democracy and the rule of law and the development of a market economy;(2) to encourage reforms with a view to accession to the EU; and (3) to foster trade relations atregional level in the Balkans and with the EU. This type of Agreement entails a progressive alignment of the legislation of the countries concerned with that of the Community

David Luff. Addressing the Implementation of Prefential Trade Agreements.The Law and Pratice of the European Union-MJS.September 2011.Inter-American Development Bank.

The Inter-American Development Bank Policy Briefs present a particular policy issue and outline courses of action, including specific policy recommendations. The information and opinions presented in these publications are entirely those of the author(s), and no endorsement by the Inter-American Developme Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the countries they represent is expressed or implied. This paper may be freely reproduced provided credit is given to the Inter-American Development Bank.

Perú. PE-L1113:Chaglla Hydroelectric Power Project

The Chaglla Hydroelectric Project in Peru consists of the design, construction, operation and maintenance of a 400 MW hydroelectric power plant and associated infrastructure to be located on the Huallaga River (the ¿Project¿), in the Chaglla district of the department of Huánuco, Peru

Sunday, November 13, 2011

Perú. PE-T1105:Support the New Sustainable Energy Matrix - NUMES III

This Technical Cooperation will finance studies to support the development of a New Sustainable Energy Matrix in Peru. This operation is linked with the third phase of the Program NUMES (PE-L1054), and will serve to help the monitoring and evaluation of the results obtained so far in the Program. Nevertheless, given the nature of the NUMES program, this operation will also support the preparation of the last phase of the Program.

Inter American Development Bank

Perú: PE-T1248 : Export development of Cusco Region: KAMAQ women artisans

Enhancement of women¿s entrepreneurial development, empowering them and training them so that they become the leaders in their associations and assume the main roles, managing and implementing the marketing strategies and sales for their handicrafts and consolidating the enterprise and its brand KAMAQ.
This is the second phase of a project that was also financed by the IDB. The specific nature of this second phase relies on the fact that we are now focusing on gender criteria and we are also giving follow-up to objetives of business association building and market access, that were not achieved in phase one.

Inter American Develepment Bank.