Pilot Carbon Emissions Trading System Readied in China

25 January 2012.The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will help the People’s Republic of China (PRC) set up a pilot provincial emissions trading system that could pave the way for a national scheme and lower greenhouse gas emissions in the country.

“Emissions trading encourages companies to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy supply, which would ultimately result in reduced greenhouse gas emissions.  This pilot will provide valuable lessons for the design of a nationwide system to reduce the carbon intensity of the Chinese economy,” said Pradeep Perera, Senior Energy Specialist in ADB’s East Asia Department.

ADB is providing a $750,000 equivalent grant to lcaray the groundwork for a cap-and-trade based emission trading system (ETS) in Tianjin municipal area which could begin operations as early as 2013. ADB will help design the platform, including the trading rules and regulatory framework, as well as support the commissioning of the trading platform.

Cap-and-trade based emission trading allows market participants to turn emission savings into a tradable commodity and provides market-based incentives for industries to reduce their use of carbon-emitting fossil fuels. It is economically more efficient than a carbon tax, as the carbon price is determined by the market and intended emission reductions are stipulated by the market regulator. Europe has a well-developed cap-and-trade based ETS, which will provide useful lessons for the design of the Tianjin ETS.

The PRC is the world’s largest emitter of carbon emissions, but it has been making major strides in recent years to improve energy efficiency and to increase the use of renewable power sources.

Under its current five-year national development plan to 2015, it has set significant carbon and energy intensity reduction targets and is looking at developing market platforms that can provide companies with economic incentives to cut emissions. The government has also earmarked similar pilot emission trading schemes for development in Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing municipalities, and in Guangdong and Hubei provinces.

ADB’s assistance will include a $200,000 grant from its Technical Assistance Special Fund, as well as a $550,000 grant from the Climate Change Fund. The Fund, established by ADB in 2008, aims to stimulate investments in developing member countries which address the causes and consequences of climate change x

Railway Industry Governance and structure: three pillars

In China and in many other countries there is a compelling public interest in the railway industry. How do different countries try to pursue the public interest in railways? This paper finds common elements of governance and institutional structure in eight countries whose diverse railway industries collectively carry about two-thirds of all the railway traffic in the world outside China: Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the USA. These common elements are: the existence of a Ministry of Transport with oversight and multi-modal transport policy responsibility; separation of government policy and regulatory functions from the commercial management of railway services; overwhelming preference for company structures (whether private or state-owned) to deliver railway services; multiple service providers; and divisional or institutional separation of freight from passenger services. China's railway industry governance structure is not based on these elements. But changes in transport competition and in the scale of China's railway industry, together with the desirability of a more coordinated national transport system, suggest that now there may be useful lessons for China from the international experience. The paper speculates on three common policy 'pillars' upon which China may wish to base alternatives for consideration.

Railways contribute both to economic growth and social well-being. Rail freight services usually do the land-based ‘heavy lifting’ of national economies, giving producers in key industries access to high-capacity transport at a cost lower than road transport. Passenger railways also perform valuable economic and social roles in dense inter-city corridors, and as part of wellintegrated regional passenger transport systems in densely populated areas.

These roles could often only be transferred to road transport at a higher cost in road infrastructure, traffic congestion, vehicle emissions and traffic accidents. In countries which have suitable corridors and markets to sustain it, the railway industry is a matter of strong public interest. Public interests are what underpin public policies. This paper summarizes public interests and public policies for railways in eight geographically spread case study countries which have large railway industries, namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, France, Japan, Russia, and the USA. These countries carry about two-thirds of the world’s total railway traffic outside China.

Germany, France, Japan and Russia have, like China, mixed-use railways. By contrast, Australia, Brazil, Canada and the USA have limited passenger train activity outside the cities and are predominantly freight carrying railways. The eight countries therefore have very diverse railway industries in terms of their railway markets, train operations, and ownership characteristics.

What then are the public interests in railway transport in these countries? Naturally, their policy-making bodies prioritize objectives differently and use somewhat different vocabularies. Some countries have explicit national transport strategies which formally articulate government objectives across all modes; others are recorded on ministerial websites or in ministerial statements. To paraphrase, the common denominators of public interest seem to be that railways should be efficient, market-responsive (provide good service to their customers), publicly affordable (not imposing an unsustainable burden on the public purse), safe, and environmentally acceptable.

Despite their very different railway industries, the eight countries pursue public interests in railway transport through public governance and institutional frameworks which have some remarkably similar characteristics.

World Bank. Author Amos, Paul;Bullock, Richard. Document Date 2011/12/01.Document Type Brief. Report Number 66216

Governance and structure of the railway industry: three pillarsx

China International Experiences and Suggestions on Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

The Government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), through its National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), has requested further ADB assistance to summarize international experiences and good practice in situations similar to that which PRC is currently experiencing as a result of a great earthquake that struck Sichuan Province on 12th May 2008. This note examines recent large-scale disasters in India, Indonesia, Japan, Turkey,  and the United States (see appendix 1 for disaster sketches) and focuses on generic issues pertaining to  urban development, rural and urban housing construction, infrastructure construction, livelihood rehabilitation, spatial planning (land use), and disaster prevention. 

It is appropriate to place the Sichuan earthquake into perspective, both within PRC and in a global context. In a typical year, up to 200 million people are affected by natural disasters in PRC, and 40 million hectares of crops are damaged. The average annual economic impact from disasters is about 100 billion Yuan ($14.5 billion). While PRC has experienced at least 3,200 destructive earthquakes since BC1931, many of which have resulted in substantial death and destruction, it is typhoons with their heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges and concomitant flooding that cause more casualties and property loss overall than any other kind of natural hazard in PRC,even though earthquakes have accounted for 54% of natural disaster deaths since 1949.Table 1 provides a comparative analysis using the number of people affected in recent natural disasters in PRC.

The Sichuan earthquake has been described by PRC Government officials as the most destructive and widespread earthquake and has posed the most difficulty since the PRC was founded in 1949.The event was an M8 earthquake (with an intensity of 11 at the epicenter) inSichuan Province. This earthquake resulted in 69,146 known deaths, an additional 17,516 persons still missing, and 374,131 injured. The earthquake  caused an estimated direct economic loss of  400-500 billion Yuan ($58-73 billion), affected  an area of 100,000 square kilometers, displaced up to 15 million people,  affected 46 million people overall), severely damaged or collapsed approximately 20 million buildings, damaged over 47,000 kilometers of highway and other critical infrastructure including 69 dams that are in danger of collapse; and created major secondary impacts including the creation of large and unstable ‘quake lakes and possible hazardous materials leakage.

Asian Development Bank. Date:March 2011.Type: Papers.Country: China, People's Republic of; India; Indonesia Subject.Governance and public sector management.Series: Observations and Suggestions

International Experiences and Suggestions on Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

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China Launches US$265 million Ozone and Climate Change Project

UNEP   NEWS   CENTRE. Shanghai, December 2011 China's Ministry of Environmental Protection launched the HCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP), a US$270 million project to cut consumption of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) by 1 January 2015.The HCFC-phaseout in China is impacting chemical production, foam, industrial and commercial refrigeration, air conditioners, refrigeration servicing and solvent sectors, whose total output amounts to billions of Renminbi and will involve tens of thousands of enterprises and millions of workers. At the launch, China's central governmental Ministries, industrial associations, local environmental protection bureaus, research institutes and universities as well as over 100 large companies, which produce and use HCFCs, guaranteed their support to the programme. In addition 12 selected companies representing the PU, XPS, room air conditioning, industrial and commercial refrigeration sectors signed the voluntary pledge to join hands for the conversion of their production lines as specified under the approved HPMP plan.

"China is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of HCFCs in the world: more than 70% of global HCFC production, and 50% of total consumption of developing countries. Therefore, the phaseout of HCFCs in China will play an essential role for the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol. In addition, it will also positively affect the mitigation of the global climate change due to their high GWP. However, in the past three years, the HCFCs in China has been increasing at 11% annually", said Mr. Lijun Zhang, Vice Minister of Environmental Protection of China.

Mr. Zhang added that "as a responsible developing country, China will earnestly live up to her promises and meet her commitments." In his speech, Mr. Zhang requested that industry comply with the HPMP's target, and urged the local Environmental Protection Bureau (EPBs) to strengthen their capacity for effectively enforcing the HCFC production and consumption control measures.

HCFCs are mainly used in China as refrigerants for air-conditioners and industrial and commercial refrigeration, as well as a blowing agent for foam and as solvent. Under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, all Parties must gradually reduce and eventually phase-out their production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), including HCFCs.

Labeled as the "Factory of the World", China's phase-out of HCFCs is an ambitious mission, impacting industries which will have to convert hundreds of assembly lines to meet China's obligations as a signatory to the Montreal Protocol.

Based on Decision XIX/6 of the Meeting of the Parties in 2007, China must achieve a freeze in baseline consumption (2009-2010 average) by 2013 and a 10% reduction by 2015. The country's State Council enforced the ODS Management Regulations on 1 June 2010 to provide legal basis for the ODS phase-out work.

"The China HPMP has been well developed and has set the roadmap to meet these targets. We are therefore optimistic that the government, industries, relevant international organizations, and other key stakeholders will work together to ensure the success of this programme," said Mr. Christophe Bahuet, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Country Director of China, the lead implementing agency for China's HPMP initiative.

Through the HPMP, 45,000 metric tons of HCFCs, or about 17% of China's total amount of controlled HCFCs use, will be eliminated. In addition, as part of the project, the new technologies to replace the HCFC technologies currently used by the industries will significantly reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the country.

The funding for the HPMP was approved by the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol in July 2011 to assist China in their historic commitment on environmental protection. UNDP, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Bank and the Governments of Germany and Japan are assisting China in their HPMP, and all participated in the launching event to lend their support. The Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Chief Officer of the Multilateral Fund Secretariat, representatives of donor member from Australia, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United States were also invited to the meeting.

"We at UNEP are very enthusiastic in assisting the government of China in their capacity-building and public awareness campaign on the phase-out of HCFCs. We very much appreciate the strong political commitment made by the Government of China in the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, and we are also very pleased to witness the pledge made by the industry" said Mr. Zhang Shigang, UNEP Coordinator in China in his address to participants at the launch.

Several Chinese celebrities have also expressed their support in the advocacy of ozone layer protection, including UNEP Goodwill Ambassador and Chinese actress Li Bingbing and world-renowned artist and UNEP Patron for Arts and Environment Profressor Yuan Xikun, who are both involved in voluntary projects for this cause.

For More Information, Please Contact:

Chen Hao, UNEP China Office, Tel: +86-10- 85320921, Email: hao.bath@gmail.com x

China Hunan Yueyang.Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project

The objectives of the Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project for China are to demonstrate the result of Best Available Technologies and Best Environmental Practices (BAT/BEP) adoption in four selected non-wood pulp mills and to strengthen environmental monitoring and enforcement in four participating provinces.

Negative measures include: air pollution, dust, noise pollution, soil erosion, water pollution, waste management, and ecology. Mitigation measures include: a) Combined Heat and Power (CHP) production and power generation by waste heat can not only to control cost but can also meet the whole or part of the electricity and gas demand, and consequently make a good use of energy; b) adequate thermal insulation materials should be applied, where needed, to the equipment or pipes to reduce heat loss; c) daylighting should be put to good use during plant design in order to economize lighting power; d) gauges, meters and other automatic instruments can be installed in the process flow to control the consumption of electricity and gas and provide a favorable condition for practicing energy conservation management in the plant.

Stocks or materials should be conveyed by gravity, instead of pumping, to save electric power; e) advanced wet stockpiling and wet cleaning of bagasse may help minimize soluble impurities, so that the alkali consumption can be reduced in the cooking process and, as a result, less energy is consumed; and f) enclosed medium-concentration screening machines and technologies can be employed to save power and water.

World Bank. China - Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project Hunan Yueyang

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China Hubei Xiangfan Urban Transport Project

The development objective of the Zhangjiakou Hohhot (ZhangHu) Railway Project for China is to respond to existing and anticipated transport demand along the Hohhot-Zhangjiakou corridor by providing increased capacity for freight and passengers, and faster travel time and increased frequency of services for passengers.

Some of the negative and mitigation measures include: a) the cultivated land requisitioned by the project has been contracted by each households which depend on the land to different extent, but the compensation policies have restricted flexibility in operation, the village collectivities cannot share the risk by adjusting the land again arbitrarily, thus increasing the living risk for the rural households mainly dependent on the land; and b) reduction of arable lands may make the peasants become more concerned on the maintenance and production of these lands.

The boundary of farmlands and irrigation water sources will become more sensitive issues among peasants and villages. If without proper treatment, it will directly influence the normal life of residents.

World Bank. China - Hubei Xiangfan Urban Transport Project

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China.Nanning Pumiao.Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project

The objectives of the Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project for China are to demonstrate the result of Best Available Technologies and Best Environmental Practices (BAT/BEP) adoption in four selected non-wood pulp mills and to strengthen environmental monitoring and enforcement in four participating provinces. Negative measures include: air pollution, dust, noise pollution, soil erosion, water pollution, waste management, and ecology.

Mitigation measures include: a) Combined Heat and Power (CHP) production and power generation by waste heat can not only to control cost but can also meet the whole or part of the electricity and gas demand, and consequently make a good use of energy; b) adequate thermal insulation materials should be applied, where needed, to the equipment or pipes to reduce heat loss; c) daylighting should be put to good use during plant design in order to economize lighting power; d) gauges, meters and other automatic instruments can be installed in the process flow to control the consumption of electricity and gas and provide a favorable condition for practicing energy conservation management in the plant.

Stocks or materials should be conveyed by gravity, instead of pumping, to save electric power; e) advanced wet stockpiling and wet cleaning of bagasse may help minimize soluble impurities, so that the alkali consumption can be reduced in the cooking process and, as a result, less energy is consumed; and f) enclosed medium-concentration screening machines and technologies can be employed to save power and water.

World Bank. China - Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 2 of 9) : Environmental impact assessment for Nanning Pumiao

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China.Ningxia.Minimizing Formation and Releases of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants Project

Ningxia Meili Paper Industry Co., Ltd, as one of the key papermaking enterprises included in the program of “Ningxia Strategic Research and Development Plan for Papermaking Industry Development, is an entity with the annual capacity of roducing 90,000 tonnes of bleached wheat straw pulp, 34,000 tonnes of deinked pulp and 30,000 tonnes of waste board pulp for self use, i.e., an annual production of 250,000 tonnes of various types of cultural paper, special paper and cardboard paper.

In recent years, with the promulgation of industry policies and pollutants emission standards for pulp and paper making industry, a number of problems have emerged from the existing units of the old plant: low efficiency of the system of wheat straw cooking process, high level of energy consumption and low ratio of production, low quality of pulp and low level of alkali recovery; some paper machine rooms, due to backward productivity, are to be phased out according to the “Guiding Catalogue For Structural Adjustment of Industry (2011); in addition, due to the failure of effective operation and the low efficiency of wastewater treatment, the final discharge of wastewater failed in meeting the “Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry (GB3544-2008). To solve these problems, Meili Paper Industry is planning to adopt the strategy of “Old + New Project Construction", i.e., to implement a new project of extended delignification and ECF (element chlorine free) bleaching technologies for realizing the annual production of 68,000 tonnes of wheat straw pulp, which is a part of the major technology reform approved by NDRC“ Development Project of Chemical Delignification and ECF Bleaching Technologies for Wheat Straw Pulp Production"

In February 2009, the Project’s EIA Report was approved by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NingHuanShenFa [2009] 12), but the construction has not been kicked off in the Industry Park of Meili Paper in Zhongwei City. In 2011, the Project was restarted in a new location in the former Plant of Ningxia Meili Paper Industry Co., Ltd, without demand for new land appropriation. As required by the “Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China", the “Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People’s Republic of China" and the “Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection", a new round of environmental impact assessment is necessary for certifying the environmental feasibility of the Project. Accordingly, the EIA task (see Annex I) was consigned by Meili Paper to the Light Industry Environmental Protection Research Institute (GuoHuanPing Certificate A 1028).

The Light Industry Environmental Protection Research Institute accepted the consignment and organized professionals to conduct on-site investigation and status quo monitoring and collect existing environmental protection records and supporting documents, based on which the assessment on environmental impacts was conducted according to the updated national demand and technical requirements, in addition to public participation and announcement, as a result, the compilation of “Ningxia Meili Paper Industry Co., Ltd EIA Report on the Project of Extended Delignification and ECF Bleaching Technologies Reform for the Annual Production of 68,000 Tonnes of Wheat Straw Pulp" was finished and submitted to the Environmental Protection Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for examination and approval.

World Bank.Document Date 2011/09/01.Document Type Environmental Assessment.Report Number E2813

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China.Jilin Agricultural Product Safety and Quality

The objectives of the Project are to assist Jilin Province in improving its agricultural product quality and reducing agricultural product safety risks through: (i) introducing good agricultural practices, (ii) improving the implementation of agricultural product safety related regulations, and (iii) strengthening the agricultural product safety monitoring system.

World Bank.Author Karaky,Rabih H.Document Date.2011/12/04.Document Type.Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number.ISR4340

China - Jilin Agricultural Product Safety and Quality : P101716 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 02

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China.Xining Flood and Watershed Management

The development objective of the project is to improve the protection of property and safety of people from flood events and bring about sustainable utilization of land and water resources within Xining Municipality. The PDO is to be achieved through the provision of (a) a greater level of flood protection and enhanced flood management; (b) improved wastewate

World Bank.Author Zhang,Ximing;Document Date 2011/12/04.Document Type Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number ISR4564

China - Xining Flood and Watershed Management : P101829 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 04

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China.Guiyang Transport Project

Project Development Objective.To increase the access and mobility of Guiyang Municipality's transport users through priority infrastructure investments while establishing more sustainable mechanisms for rural road maintenance, as well as enhancing capacity for keeping municipal debt under control.

World Bank.Author Zhang,Wenlai; Document Date 2011/12/03.Document Type Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number ISR5041

China - Guiyang Transport Project : P093963 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 04

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China and the World Trading system

China‘s trade ascendancy and presence are not a distant phenomenon. In manufacturing trade, China is now a large supplier to all the major markets, and its presence has grown significantly over the course of the Doha Round negotiations. We identify the world‘s ten largest traders and for each of them also identify the largest sources of supply in the manufacturing sector. Figure 1 presents the results. China‘s share in the major import markets has doubled between 2001 and 2009, and in some of the most important world markets, China now accounts for more than a fifth of total manufacturing imports. China‘s share of manufacturing imports in Japan is 35 percent, in the European Union about 30 percent, and in the United States slightly over 25 percent.

Furthermore, China looms especially large in the markets of major trading partners in sectors where protection is greatest.

To illustrate this, we identify for each of the top ten trading partners, the ten most protected sectors (defined at the Harmonized Schedule (HS) 2-digit level of aggregation in 2009 in terms of the MFN tariff alone). Figure 2 depicts China‘s share in these sectors in the largest ten traders for 2001 and 2009.

Two points are worth highlighting. First, in the most protected sectors, China‘s share of imports in 2009 is substantially greater than for overall imports (shown in Figure 1) and dwarfs that of any other supplier in each of these markets.3 For example, China‘s share in these sectors in Japan is over 70 percent, in Korea over 60 percent, in Brazil about 55 percent, in the United States, Canada, and the European Union about 50 percent each. Second, even in these protected sectors, China‘s share has increased dramatically over the course of the Doha Round. In many of the importing countries (e.g., Brazil, the European Union, and the United States), China‘s share has more than doubled.

Also striking is how much market share China has gained even in countries such as Canada, Mexico, and Turkey that have free trade agreements with close and large neighbors. Thus, liberalization under the Doha agenda today, especially in the politically charged, high-tariff sectors, is increasingly about other countries opening their markets to Chinese exports. In short, with some exaggeration one might say that the MFN tariff of countries is really a China tariff, or the China tariff is really the ―least-favored-nation‖ tariff.

World Bank.Author Mattoo, Aaditya;   Subramanian, Arvind;Document Date.2011/12/01 Document Type.Policy Research Working Paper.Report Number WPS5897.Volume No 1 of 1

China and the World Trading System

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China.Ningbo New Countryside Development Project

Revised Procurement Plan Sep. 2011. Consulting Service for Capacity Building, Project Management, Implementation Support

World Bank.Document Date 2011/09/01.Document Type Procurement Plan.Report Number 65151 Volume No 1 of 1

China - Ningbo New Countryside Development Project : procurement plan
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China Zhangjiakou Hohhot (ZhangHu) Railway Project.Indigenous Peoples Plan

The development objective of the Zhangjiakou Hohhot (ZhangHu) Railway Project for China is to respond to existing and anticipated transport demand along the Hohhot-Zhangjiakou corridor by providing increased capacity for freight and passengers, and faster travel time and increased frequency of services for passengers.

Some of the negative and mitigation measures include: a) the cultivated land requisitioned by the project has been contracted by each households which depend on the land to different extent, but the compensation policies have restricted flexibility in operation, the village collectivities cannot share the risk by adjusting the land again arbitrarily, thus increasing the living risk for the rural households mainly dependent on the land; and b) reduction of arable lands may make the peasants become more concerned on the maintenance and production of these lands.

The boundary of farmlands and irrigation water sources will become more sensitive issues among peasants and villages. If without proper treatment, it will directly influence the normal life of residents.

World Bank.Document Date 2011/11/01.Document Type.Indigenous Peoples Plan.Report. Number.IPP533 China.Zhangjiakou Hohhot (ZhangHu) Railway Project.Indigenous Peoples Plan See

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China.Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) Project

The proposed project development objective is to enhance client capacity to assess climate mitigation and adaptation technology needs and to adopt global best practices. The results indicators for the project are given in Annex 1. Achievement of the development objective will be evaluated through: (a) the impact of the technology needs assessments conducted; and (b) the impact of the capacity strengthened at the national, sectoral and provincial levels related to climate technology assessments. The results indicators will be measured by: The demand for and stakeholder use of the completed technology assessments; and The demand for and stakeholder use of the technology-related functions of the national, sectoral, and provincial climate technology centers or networks.

World Bank.Document Date 2011/10/31.Document Type.Project Information Document.Report Number AB6805.Volume No 1 of 1

China.Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) Project

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China.Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Irrigated Agriculture Project

The project development objective is to enhance adaptation to climate change in agriculture and irrigation water management practices through awareness-raising, institutional and capacity strengthening, and demonstration activities in the 3H basin. The reallocation is necessary to adjust for the appreciation of the Chinese currency over the US dollar since the time of project effectiveness, and to shift resources away from slow progressing activities towards faster moving activities

World Bank. Document Date.2011/10/19.Document Type.Project Paper.Report Number 65186.Volume No.1 of 2 China.Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Irrigated Agriculture Project : restructuring (Vol. 1 of 2) :

Main Report

Data Sheet

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China.Gansu Qingyang Urban Infrastructure Improvement Project

Historically speaking, Qingyang is the cradle of Chinese agricultural civilization. There are abundant minerals in it and its surroundings, and great detected reserves of oil, gas and coal, which makes the nation and Gansu locate Qingyang as state strategic energy base and as energy and chemical industry base of Gansu.

The governments of Qingyang and Xifeng district confirm the development strategy that under the guidance of national energy industry tactics and Gansu's development strategy 'the center promoting its wings to flap', they try to shape the Xifeng district into an industrial city that privileges energy and chemistry industry. In order to reinforce this strategy of urban economy development, Qingyang decides to focus on improving, enhancing and expanding Xifeng's urban functions, providing supports for its accelerating further industrialization and urbanization.

According to the general city planning of Qingyang, Xifeng as the central district whose population is at present about 200,000will be expanded to hold 530,000 people. Negative impacts include: noise pollution; soil erosion; construction causes transportation and travel inconvenience; and the smell of sewage from sewage plant influences people's lives. Mitigation measures includes: 1) the new church is located in the new city zone of Qingyang. With the implementation of the planning, public transport could be realized and the traffic inconvenience thus be solved; 2) the execution unit should establish supervisory institutions and strictly follow the 'resettlement plan' to implement compensation and resettlement, and ensure that compensation is paid to the village and individuals; 3) at present the land for relocation has been planned for each village.

The heads should promptly inform the masses; and 4) the execution unit and the municipal planning bureau should determine the resettlement location and resettlement plan as soon as possible in order to accelerate removal.

World Bank.Document Date: 2011/10/19. Document Type.Project Paper.Report Number 65186.Volume No.1 of 2

Environmental impact report

Environmental protection management plan


Resettlement Action Plan

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China.Beijing Sustainable Urban Transport

The proposed TA is intended to support the BMG in finding suitable and sustainable solutions to its urban transport problems. In so doing, the TA will directly support the emerging urban transport priorities of the PRC s Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 2011 2015 and ADB s country partnership strategy. It is also aligned with the pillars of ADB s Strategy 2020, focusing on inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth. The TA addresses one of the focus areas of ADB s Sustainable Transport Initiative Operational Plan.

Three main types of strategy options will be examined: (i) TDM strategies including (a) past strategies such as restricting vehicle ownership and usage, and parking pricing; and (b) potential new strategies such as charging schemes including congestion pricing, fuel pricing, distance-based pricing, and fee and rebate schemes; (ii) infrastructure improvement strategies, based on a review of Beijing s transport infrastructure development plans and identification of strategy options with potential to contribute to a more sustainable balance between private vehicles, public transport, and nonmotorized transport, including metro development and bus priority lanes; and (iii) traffic operation improvement strategies, based on a study of the relationship between Beijing s road network structure and traffic congestion, and identification of promising improvement options such as on-ramp and off-ramp metering during peak hours.

Asian Development Bank.Project Number 45026- 01.

Beijing Sustainable Urban Transport :  China,People'sRep.of

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International Experiences and Suggestions on Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

The Government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), through its National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), has requested further ADB assistance to summarize international experiences and good practice in situations similar to that which PRC is currently experiencing as a result of a great earthquake1 that struck Sichuan Province on 12th May 2008. This note examines recent large-scale disasters in India, Indonesia, Japan, Turkey, and the United States (see appendix 1 for disaster sketches) and focuses on generic issues pertaining to urban development, rural and urban housing construction, infrastructure construction, livelihood rehabilitation, spatial planning (land use), and disaster prevention.

It is appropriate to place the Sichuan earthquake into perspective, both within PRC and in a global context. In a typical year, up to 200 million people are affected by natural disasters in PRC, and 40 million hectares of crops are damaged. The average annual economic impact from disasters is about 100 billion Yuan ($14.5 billion). While PRC has experienced at least 3,200 destructive earthquakes since BC1931, many of which have resulted in substantial death and destruction, it is typhoons with their heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges and concomitant flooding that cause more casualties and property loss overall than any other kind of natural hazard in PRC,2 even though earthquakes have accounted for 54% of natural disaster deaths since 1949.Table 1 provides a comparative analysis using the number of people affected in recent natural disasters in PRC.

Asian Development Bank. Date:March 2011.Type: Papers. Country:China, People's Republic of; India; Indonesia Subject: Governance and public sector management Series: Observations and Suggestions

International Experiences and Suggestions on Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

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