Showing posts with label rural. Show all posts
Showing posts with label rural. Show all posts

Friday, December 16, 2011

Productividad agrícola de la mujer rural en Centroamérica y México

La participación de las mujeres en la producción agropecuaria se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Su ingreso es una parte importante del sustento familiar. De ellas depende la seguridad alimentaria de numerosos hogares rurales en Centroamérica y México. No obstante, tienen un limitado acceso a recursos productivos y créditos. El documento demuestra que las mujeres pueden ser más productivas que los hombres, pero requieren de herramientas —como insumos productivos y créditos— que les permita incrementar su productividad. Con los incentivos apropiados pueden llegar a convertirse en un motor de desarrollo en la región. Un incremento de su productividad provocará mayor bienestar de los hogares rurales y crecimiento económico de la región. Asimismo, favorecerá una mejor distribución en el ingreso, ya que son agentes que promueven la educación y nutrición de los hijos, resultando en un incremento del capital humano de las futuras generaciones.

Culturalmente, se suele asociar a los hombres con la producción y a las mujeres con la reproducción. La consecuencia es la tardía incorporación de estas últimas al mercado laboral y en muchos casos ser consideradas como fuerza de trabajo secundaria (Parada y Ballara, 2009). No obstante, en los últimos años la participación de las mujeres en el mercado laboral y en la producción agropecuaria se ha incrementado, creando con ello cambios en la estructura familiar y en las comunidades. A pesar de su contribución en el gasto familiar y en la producción de alimentos, su esfuerzo no ha contribuido a eliminar las desigualdades y la pobreza en las áreas rurales.

Las mujeres son las principales responsables de la alimentación y cuidado del hogar. También en muchos casos proporcionan el ingreso requerido para cubrir las necesidades de los hogares. La población rural femenina, con bajo nivel de educación y escaso acceso a insumos, suele tener un insignificante ingreso agrícola, lo que contribuye a subestimar su trabajo.

Aumentar la productividad de las mujeres rurales es esencial para reducir la pobreza en la región centroamericana y México, ya que representan una parte importante de la fuerza de trabajo rural. En 2010, la mujer constituyó aproximadamente el 28% de la población económicamente activa (PEA) rural tanto en Centroamérica1 como en México. Incrementar su ingreso significa elevarlo en más de 40% de los hogares rurales pobres centroamericanos, donde la mujer es el jefe del hogar. Lo anterior se traduce en una mejor salud y nutrición para los niños (Bennett, 1992); en el corto plazo, tiene un efecto positivo en la incidencia y severidad de la pobreza; en el largo, existen efectos intergeneracionales en la calidad del capital humano.

Con el fin de contribuir en la formulación de estrategias y políticas que favorezcan la igualdad de oportunidades en el sector rural, es necesario contar con información sobre la situación de las mujeres en el sector agrícola y conocer los factores que generan desigualdad en el ingreso para favorecer un pago justo a su esfuerzo.

El presente trabajo centra su análisis en la mujer rural en Centroamérica y México, desde un enfoque económico-productivo. Al tener como principal objetivo identificar los factores claves para incrementar su productividad —por tanto su ingreso— se busca aportar alternativas que ayuden a erradicar la pobreza en la región. El primer capítulo hace una revisión relacionada con la productividad femenina. Seguido de ello, se muestran estadísticas elaboradas a partir de las encuestas de hogares de Centroamérica y México, procesadas por la División de Estadísticas y Proyecciones de CEPAL. El tercer capítulo analiza las diferencias en productividad en hombres y mujeres mediante una función de ingreso, para el caso de Guatemala y El Salvador. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones y algunas recomendaciones.

CEPAL.Diana Ramírez. LC/MEXL.1049 Diciembre 2011. 51 pp.  

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Wednesday, December 14, 2011

Viet Nam.Rural Infrastructure Development in Central Highlands

Thematic Classification Economic growth.Capacity Development.Impact Sustained socioeconomic development.Outcome Increased rural productivity.Outputs Improved Productive Rural Infrastructure Increased capacity to efficiently develop, manage and use PRI. 
 
Asian Development Bank.Project Number 40238-02

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Tuesday, December 13, 2011

Argentina Rural Education Improvement (PROMER) Project

The development objective of the Rural Education Improvement (PROMER) Project is to support national Government policy to: improve the coverage, efficiency, and quality of the Argentine education system, and to improve the governance of the Argentine education system through strengthening of the normative, planning, information, monitoring, and evaluation capacity at the national and provincial levels.

The closing date has been extended from October 31, 2011 until December 31, 2013 to allow the government sufficient time to finalize all project activities. Proceeds have been reallocated largely because of the need to support carrying out student learning assessment on an enhanced sample of rural schools and the provision of feedback to the schools and operating costs, and the need to fund additional consultants supporting the provincial and national governments to implement the Project because it is being extended.

World Bank.Document Date:  2011/08/25.Document Type:  Project Paper.Report Number: 61496

Argentina - Rural Education Improvement (PROMER) Project : restructuring



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Sunday, December 11, 2011

Pakistan.Malakand Rural Development Project

Among the government’s strategic objectives at the time of project approval were poverty reduction and human resource development. Regional and area development projects targeting less developed areas were the main approaches to reducing rural poverty. The 1995 country operational strategy of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) specified sustained economic growth and simultaneous poverty reduction as objectives of ADB assistance to Pakistan.3 The strategy also emphasized human resource development, with particular focus on women, and enhanced productivity of natural resources.

According to the revised project framework in the RRP, the project was expected to (i) raise the per capita income of the project area beneficiaries to attain or exceed the poverty line, and (ii) improve the human resource and income-generating potential of women in the project area. The framework did not directly mention specific baselines and targets for the expected impact.

Asian Development Bank.Reference Number: PCV: PAK 2011-43.Project Number: 29603.Loan Number: 1672-PAK(SF).November 2011. Pakistan: Malakand Rural Development Project


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Pakistan.Road Sector Development Program

Access to markets and social services in rural areas of Sindh was poor because substantial portions of the provincial and rural road networks were in bad condition. Interventions were needed in line with the strategies of the Government of Pakistan and ADB to improve key sections of the provincial highway network, improve and rehabilitate rural access roads (RAR) in areas with pervasive poverty, strengthen institutional capacity in the provincial works and services department (WSD),4 and initiate policy reforms toward managing roads more effectively.

The anticipated social and poverty impacts, particularly from RARs, included increased income and employment opportunities, improved access to social services, and strengthened food security. The main impact of the PSDP was expected to be (i) local economic growth that would generate employment, (ii) lower transaction costs, and (iii) improved economic efficiency. Although poverty indicators for the country and for four provinces including Sindh are given in the report and recommendation of the President (RRP), no performance indicator or target was offered. Para. 125 of the RRP estimates that 20%–35% of national benefits from improved provincial highways would accrue to the poor.

The PSDP was to enhance access to markets and social services in rural areas by (i) improving and rehabilitating the RAR network; (ii) preserving key road assets by rationalizing road maintenance, including creating a provincial road maintenance fund; (iii) improving important provincial highways to facilitate trade and create income and employment opportunities; (iv) improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Sindh WSD in planning, managing, and maintaining the provincial road network; (v) supporting reforms in the road sector; and (vi) promoting private sector participation in road development and maintenance.
The policy and institutional reform component initiated a process of change in the province intended to transform the WSD into an efficient institution that, in partnership with district governments and the private sector, could provide a safe, cost-effective, and well-maintained network of provincial and rural roads. Some of the targets in the RRP were (i) lower vehicle operating costs, (ii) lower transport costs for farm inputs and outputs, (iii) alternative financing mechanisms that would reduce the burden on public sector resources, and (iv) fewer road accidents.
 
Asian Development Bank.Reference Number:PCV:PAK 2011-42.Project Number:32058-02.Loan Numbers:1892-PAK,1893-PAK (SF)



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Thursday, December 8, 2011

Poland.Post-Accession Rural Support Project

The PARSP has the following development objectives: (i) to increase social inclusion in rural underdeveloped gminas through enhancing the capacity of local governments to identify, plan, and execute social inclusion strategies through a Social Inclusion Fund (SIF); and, (ii) to support KRUS reform by improving the efficiency of the KRUS Agency through strengthening its administrative and analytic capacity and enabling better management of decision processes during its reform process. Medium-term objectives include: (a) quickly building rural gmina capacity in handling SIF-financed activities so that these rural gminas will be prepared to absorb similar social inclusion-focused programs which could become available under the 2007-2013 National Development Plan; and, (b) developing a targeted instrument (the SIF) for disadvantaged gminas to mitigate the potentially negative impact of future KRUS premia increases on rural families.

World Bank.Author:Owen,Daniel P.Document Date:  2011/12/04.Document Type:  Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number:  ISR3195

Poland - Post-Accession Rural Support Project : P065270 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 10 x

Thursday, December 1, 2011

Nepal.Rural Access Improvement And Decentralization Project

Procurement Plan (PP) for Works : 2010/2013.Project Name & ID: Rural Access Improvement & Decentralization Project (RAIDP) & project ID : P107853.Credit/Grant No.:IDA Credit 4664 & IDA Grant No. H-525-NEP & H-171-NEP.Executing Agency: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and And Agricultural Roads.Implementing Agency: Thirty (30) District Development committees/District Technical Offices

World Bank.Document Date: 2011/11/24. Document Type: Procurement Plan. Report Number: 65817.Volume No: 1 of 1


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Tuesday, November 29, 2011

Rwanda.Third Rural Sector Support Project:Resettlement policy framework

This Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is an updated version of Rwandan Rural Support Sector Project Phase 3 which is being financed by the World Bank. The Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) is the agency responsible for implementing the Rural Sector Support Project (RSSP), including the provisions of this RPF.

This RPF is to guide RSSP to ensure that the World Bank safeguards Operation Policy 4.12 for involuntary resettlement and national requirements for land acquisition and resettlement are adequately addressed. RSSP should in addition ensure that the relevant capacity and training needs are established in order for the recommended measures to be implemented effectively.

World Bank.Author:Rukazambuga Ntirushwa Daniel.Document Date:2011/11/01.Document Type:Resettlement Plan.Report Number:RP1210.Volume No:1 of 1.

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Rwanda.Third Rural Sector Support Project

Rwanda Government gives priority to agriculture for economic growth. Due to high population and small plot per household, increase in crop production is expected to be achieved through increased productivity rather than expansion of area. Crop productivity is a function of productivity enhancing agricultural technologies and pest management to reduce crop losses in store and fields. In order to achieve this objective, farmers decision making and pest management should target using appropriate and timely pest and disease management tools. The farmers should have a clear understanding of requirements conditions and techniques for producing health plant, pests and diseases status, their survival mechanisms and management methods that are available to make a timely and informed decision.

The development objective of the Rural Sector Support Project III (RSSP-3) is to strengthen the participation of women and men beneficiaries in market-based value chains and increase the agricultural productivity of organized farmers in the marshlands and hillsides of sub-watersheds targeted for development in an environmentally sustainable manner; and . In order to achieve the latter, the Government of Rwanda and the World Bank agreed during the preparation of RSSP-3, to apply the World Bank's Operational Policy on Pest Management (OP 4.09), which is an environmental safeguard policy for promoting safe pesticide use and the use of integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce crop losses due to pest damage. This policy requires putting in place a Pest Management Plan (PMP) and structure for adoption of IPM and safe use of pesticides.

The PMP under RSSP-3 will focus on intensification of 13 target crops including five crops namely, rice, maize, potato, cassava, and tomato of RSSP-2 and 8 more namely bananas, wheat, cabbage, carrots, green beans, onions, pineapple and mushroom. These are important crops produced by small scale farmers or cooperatives. Main pest problems include diseases, insect pests and vectors. The application of PMP will promote the use of IPM in insect pest management and where necessary the safe use of pesticides as a component of IPM approach.

Currently, the use of pesticides in Rwanda is very limited and is primarily used with some cash crops, particularly coffee, potato and tomato. A limited quantity is also used for the protection of the stored food products. In general, pesticide use in Rwanda target mainly plant diseases management and nearly 75 % are fungicides, while the remaining 25% is composed of different insecticides and a few herbicides. Among the fungicides imported, more than 90% of the products are Mancozeb and Ridomil which are applied to potato and tomato against the late blight (Phytophtora Infestans).

Among the target crops of RSSP-3, pesticides, and particularly fungicides, are expected to be used as a part of IPM mainly in disease management; especially for late blight (Phytophthora infestans) of potato and tomato, and in rice against rice blast (Pericularia orizae). While pesticides will be used in cabbage production, however, it will require close monitoring and training of farmers on safe pesticide use and IPM strategies. When feasible, research on biological of Diamondback moth (DBM) will be initiated and collaboration with ICIPE in Nairobi, Kenya establish for natural enemy of DBM release and monitoring establishment.

Management of pests and diseases in other target crops as well as other insect pests in general will use a variery of IPM approaches with less or no pesticides.
The PMP will address the weaknesses of safe pesticide use through training of various stakeholders along the supply and use chain since the knowledge of different pesticides and awareness of the negative impacts is low among sellers, users and extension agents of pesticides.

The PMP implementation monitoring will include monthly meetings and reporting of achievements and constraints. The pest management capacity of RSSP-3 will be supported and strengthened by recruiting expert consultants. The tentative program for the first project year provides the structure of the PMP, and will provide a view of the implementation of the PMP at the end of year.

World Bank.Author:Rukazambuga Ntirushwa Daniel.Document Date:2011/11/28.Document Type:Environmental Assessment. Report Number:E2896



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Thursday, November 24, 2011

Bhutan.Second Rural Access Project

The development objective of the Second Rural Access Project is to: residents of beneficiary Dzongkhags (Districts) utilize improved rural transport infrastructure and services. The last review concluded that the project was well placed to achieve its development objectives. This paper seeks the approval for restructuring of the project.

The following changes to the original project are being introduced: 1) dropping of two outcome indicators given that they were influenced by external factors (e.g. fuel prices, government regulated mule rate); 2) changes in the road length component one for new construction by 10km; 3) dropping technical assistance provisions linked to the pilot performance-based maintenance mechanisms under capacity development and implementation support component (component two); and 4) changing the road for Otta-sealing under road access component (component one).

World Bank.Document Date:2011/10/20.Document Type:Project Paper.Report Number:61265




Monday, November 21, 2011

Panama.Rural Productivity Project

World Bank. Segura Warnholtz,Gerardo.Document Date: 2011/11/20.Document Type: Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number: ISR4010. Panama-Rural Productivity Project (GEF):P083045-Implementation Status Results Report:Sequence 11. Language: English. Rel.Proj ID:PA-Rural Productivity Project (Gef)--P083045.

Panama.Rural Productivity Project

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Thursday, November 17, 2011

Brazil.Rural Poverty Reduction Project-Minas Gerais

Ratings for the Rural Poverty Reduction Project - Minas Gerais for Brazil were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, risk to development outcome was low, Bank performance was satisfactory, and borrower performance was also satisfactory.

Some lessons learned included: the Project's demand-drivenness improves local governance by giving poor rural communities a unique set of experiences involving collective action, priority-setting, decision-making, and investment financial management, operation and maintenance. Social capital under this and similar projects is both a benefit in its own right and an element in the success of participatory rural poverty reduction.

By working with existing CMDRSs (Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentavel - Sustainable Rural Development Municipal Council) in the project area and successfully increasing their representation among potential project beneficiaries, both the quality and targeting of public resources (project and non-project) improved, while leveraging complementary funding and deepening the investment stock needed for faster rural poverty reduction.

Experience in Minas Gerais and elsewhere shows unequivocally that demand-driven mechanisms not only enable women to access the benefits of community investments, but provide opportunities for women through the community associations.

The project demonstrated, albeit on a small scale, that participatory, demand-driven mechanisms are cultural practices of these groups and that they can manage the subproject participatory mechanisms, effectively.

World Bank.Document Date:2011/01/20. Document Type:  Implementation Completion and Results Report. Report Number:  ICR1657. Volume No:  1 of 1

Sunday, November 13, 2011

Paraguay:Rural financial services via village banking

The objective of the project is to expand and diversify the supply of sound microfinance services in rural areas, by improving the capacity of financial intermediaries to reach underserved clients. The purpose of the project is to implement the methodology of village banking in Financiera El Comercio's operations, so that it can expand its credit and savings services to low income populations in rural areas of Paraguay. The project will consist of a Technical Cooperation.

Inter American Develepment Bank.
Project Status: APP. Country: Paraguay. Project Number: PR-M1022. Approval date: Oct 28, 2011

Wednesday, November 9, 2011

World Bank.India,The project Karnataka Watershed Development II is now in the pipeline.

As noted in the India Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) 2009-12, national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at more than 9 percent per annum from 2004-2007. High rates of investment and savings and strong export growth, and rapid growth generated substantial public and private resources for investment and development programs.

From 2008 to 2010, average annual GDP has moderated to approximately 6.5 percent due to the global recession. More than 400 million people still subsist on under USD1.25/day, with the majority living in rural areas and dependent on agriculture or other land-based resources.

Agriculture accounts for around 16 percent of Indian GDP. Approximately 60 percent of India’s population depends on agriculture for primary livelihood, largely from rainfed agriculture.

Out of a net sown area of 141 million hectares in India, approximately 68 percent are under rainfed cultivation, mostly in arid and semi-arid areas. Thirteen states, including agriculture as used in the PAD includes crops, horticulture, livestock and agro-forestry, all components of rural land-use in India.

Document Date:  2011/11/09.Document Type: Project Information Document.Report Number: AB6853.Volume No: 1.Country: India. Doc Name: India-Karnataka Watershed Development II

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