Tanzania.Participatory forest management and REDD plus

Tanzania's land, local government and forest laws mean that rural communities have well defined rights to own, manage and benefit from forest and woodland resources within their local areas through the establishment of village forests. This approach, known by practitioners as Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) results in the legal establishment of village land forest reserves, community forest reserves or private forests. By 2008, 1,460 villages on mainland Tanzania1 were involved in establishing or managing village forests covering a total of over 2.345 million hectares.

A further 863 villages are currently involved in Joint Forest Management (JFM) approaches within government forest reserves, in which management responsibilities are shared between government and local communities. 1.78 million hectares of forest reserve under central or local government jurisdiction are now under JFM arrangements. Since 2008, the Tanzanian government has been making preparations for the establishment of systems and structures for REDD Plus (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation).

Tanzania is being supported in its preparations by the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), UN-REDD plus and the Norwegian Forests and Climate Initiative as well as a number of local and international Non Government Organizations (NGOs). This report has been prepared to provide inputs to the development of policy processes currently evolving in Tanzania regarding REDD plus.

This review draws on almost two decades of experience within Tanzania on the development and establishment of Participatory forest management (PFM) an approach which (like REDD plus), aims to achieve the combined objectives of sustainable forest management with secure rights, improved local forest governance and secure livelihoods for forest-dependent communities.

World Bank.Document Date: 2011/10/01.Document Type: Working Paper.Report Number:65880.Volume No: 1 of 1

Participatory forest management and REDD plus in Tanzania

Participatory forest management and REDD plus in Tanzania policy note

Tanzania's land, local government and forest laws empower rural communities with well-defined rights to own, manage and benefit from forest and woodland resources within their local areas through the establishment of village forests. This approach, known by practitioners as Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) leads to the legal establishment of Village Land Forest Reserves, Community Forest Reserves or Private Forests.

A second approach called Joint Forest Management (JFM) takes place in government forest reserves, where management responsibilities are shared between local communities and the state. Spread of these two approaches has been relatively rapid over the past 15 years.

By 2008, 1,460 villages on mainland Tanzania were involved in establishing or managing village forests covering over 2.345 million hectares. Additional 863 villages are currently involved in Joint Forest Management (JFM) approaches within government forest reserves, in which management responsibilities are shared by government and local communities. 1.78 million hectares of forest reserve under central or local government jurisdiction are currently under Joint Forest Management.

World Bank.Document Date: 2010/10/01.Document Type: Working Paper.Report Number: 65878.Volume No:  1 of 1

REDD+ benefit sharing in Tanzania

Reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation plus (REDD+) has been developing in Tanzania since 2008 and the government is working on the development of a national strategy and action plan, as well as institutions that will enable it to implement a national REDD+ scheme. A number of studies are currently underway to help inform the detail of a future REDD strategy. Ten pilot projects are in development (REDD strategy 2010). All of these processes are overseen by a National Climate Change Steering Committee, which includes a REDD+ Working Group. The Forestry and Beekeeping Division will play a major role in REDD+ implementation. The framework document (Government of Tanzania, 2009) which has served as an initial basis for REDD+ strategy development, and various scoping studies (Katoomba, 2009) outline criteria for selecting appropriate REDD+ sites and activities.

One of the policy approaches that is emphasized in draft policy strategies is the use of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) applied through Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) as one of the main ways to address deforestation and degradation drivers through REDD+ in Tanzania. Although it is not completely clear how this would be managed in practice, the implication is that REDD+ funding will be used to speed up the rate of expansion of land area under PFM (currently only 12.8 percent of the country's forests are under PFM) and as a potentially new finance stream within community forestry systems.

If benefit sharing occurs via the distribution of finance by the government (received in accordance with performance against a national reference level) to local levels, the 'vertical' benefit sharing arrangements (i.e., between government and communities) might be expected to differ between these two community forestry approaches. This is because the government retains forest ownership rights in the case of JFM, whilst in CBFM, communities are the rights holders and duty bearers. Studies on benefit sharing in these systems indicate that there are still challenges in ensuring benefits for the poorer members of communities.

Author:  Peskett, Leo.Document Date:2010/10/01.Document Type:Working Paper.Report Number:65861.Volume No:1 of 1

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Tanzania.Development of a National Statistical System

To develop a national statistical system that effectively and efficiently delivers reliable and timely statistics in accordance with international standards and best practice.

World Bank.Author:  Danielewitz,Thomas. Document Date:  2011/12/05.Document Type:  Implementation Status and Results Report.Report Number:ISR4199

Tanzania - Development of a National Statistical System for Tanzania : P107722 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 01

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Tanzania.Water Sector Development Programme Project

This Environmental and ad social management framework aims to ensure that the project activities of the Tanzania Water Sector Development Programme Project are carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. This report is organized in seven chapters.

Chapter 1 provides background information. Chapter 2 provides the relevant Tanzanian environmental policies and legislation applicable to the project and the relevant operating safeguards and policies as well as gaps that exist. Chapter 3 describes likely social and environmental impacts during each of the project phases. Chapter four gives a step-by step presentation of the screening process for sites of future activities. Chapter 5 gives the environmental monitoring plan. Chapter 6 gives the capacity building and training requirements for implementing the ESMF. Chapter 7 gives the recommendations of the study. The project's civil works are expected to affect forests, animals, and other natural resources, as well as affect communities physically ( air and water pollution, nuisance, and contamination, etc.); and socio-economically (land use, income generation, mobility, and community association). Water supply services will require more water abstraction, resulting in ground and surface water regimes; and will increase waste water generation, water stagnation and sanitation problems. Rehabilitation works will require demolition of the existing infrastructure and will generate rubble and waste needing disposal.

The increased numbers of people on the project site will deplete natural resources, pollute public waters and lead to soil degradation. Increased interactions among people will result in social and health problems stemming from increased disease transmission, and added pressures on social and health (medical) services.

World Bank.Author: Ministry of Water.Document Date:2011/03/01.Document Type:Environmental Assessment.Report Number:E1450.Volume No: 4 of 4 (See all volumes)

Tanzania - Water Sector Development Programme Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 4 of 4) : Environmental impact assessment : construction of treated water pipeline

Administration Agreement for the Australian Trust Fund for Co-Financing of the Tanzania Emergency Obstetric Care Equipment Project

We refer to the Administration Agreement, dated June 8, 2010, as amended, between the Government of Australia, acting through the Australia Agency for International Development (“AusAID” or “Donor”), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“IBRD”) and the International Development Association (the “IDA”) (collectively the “Bank”), concerning the Australian Trust Fund for Co-financing of the Tanzania Emergency Obstetric Care Equipment Project (“TF071504”) (Trust Fund).

World Bank.Author:Mohammad Nadeem.Document Date:2011/09/07.Document Type:Agreement

Administration Agreement for the Australian Trust Fund for Co-Financing of the Tanzania Emergency Obstetric Care Equipment Project (Trust Fund No. TF071504). 17 October 2011s

Tanzania Emergency Obstetrical Equipment Project

Trust Fund Administration Agreement between Switzerland (represented by the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, acting through the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation) and the International Development Association concerning the Single-Donor Trust Fund for the Co-financing of the Tanzania Emergency Obstetrical Equipment Project (Trust Fund No. TF071538)

Tanzania Emergency Obstetrical Equipment Project

The household enterprise sector in Tanzania :why it matters and who cares

The household enterprise sector has a significant role in the Tanzanian economy. It employs a larger share of the urban labor force than wage employment, and is increasingly seen as an alternative to agriculture as a source of additional income for rural and urban households. The sector is uniquely placed within the informal sector, where it represents both conditions of informal employment and informal enterprise.

This paper presents a case study on Tanzania using a mixed approach by combining both quantitative and qualitative analysis to examine the important role of household enterprises in the labor force of Tanzania, and to identify key factors that influence their productivity. Household enterprise owners are similar to typical labor force participants although primary education appears to be the minimum qualification for household enterprise operators to be successful.

Access to location matters -- good, secure location in a marketplace or industrial cluster raises earnings - and access to transport and electricity is found to have a significant effect on earnings as well. In large urban areas, the biggest constraint faced by household enterprises is the lack of access to secure workspace to run the small business. Although lack of credit is a problem across all enterprises in Tanzania, household enterprises are more vulnerable because they are largely left out of the financial sector either as savers or borrowers.

Although HEs are part of the livelihood strategies of over half of households in Tanzania, they are ignored in the current development policy frameworks, which emphasize formalization, not productivity. Tanzania has a large number of programs and projects for informal enterprises, but there is no set of policies and program interventions targeted at the household enterprise sector. This gap exacerbates the vulnerability of household enterprises, and reduces their productivity.

World Bank.Author: Kweka, Josaphat ; Fox, Louise.Document Date: 2011/11/01 Document Type: Policy Research Working Paper.Report Number: WPS5882.Volume No: 1 of 1

The household enterprise sector in Tanzania : why it matters and who cares

The household enterprise sector in Tanzania:why it matters and who cares

The household enterprise sector has a significant role in the Tanzanian economy. It employs a larger share of the urban labor force than wage employment, and is increasingly seen as an alternative to agriculture as a source of additional income for rural and urban households. The sector is uniquely placed within the informal sector, where it represents both conditions of informal employment and informal enterprise.

This paper presents a case study on Tanzania using a mixed approach by combining both quantitative and qualitative analysis to examine the important role of household enterprises in the labor force of Tanzania, and to identify key factors that influence their productivity. Household enterprise owners are similar to typical labor force participants although primary education appears to be the minimum qualification for household enterprise operators to be successful.

Access to location matters -- good, secure location in a marketplace or industrial cluster raises earnings - and access to transport and electricity is found to have a significant effect on earnings as well. In large urban areas, the biggest constraint faced by household enterprises is the lack of access to secure workspace to run the small business. Although lack of credit is a problem across all enterprises in Tanzania, household enterprises are more vulnerable because they are largely left out of the financial sector either as savers or borrowers.

Although HEs are part of the livelihood strategies of over half of households in Tanzania, they are ignored in the current development policy frameworks, which emphasize formalization, not productivity. Tanzania has a large number of programs and projects for informal enterprises, but there is no set of policies and program interventions targeted at the household enterprise sector. This gap exacerbates the vulnerability of household enterprises, and reduces their productivity.

World Bank. Author: Kweka,Josaphat; Fox, Louise.Document Date: 2011/11/01.Document Type:  Policy Research Working Paper.Report Number: WPS5882. Volume No: 1 of 1

The household enterprise sector in Tanzania : why it matters and who cares